How do you identify and fix a Google Penaly?

I would like to know what steps you need to take in order to find out what google penalty your website has been hit with.

Just to be clear I am not talking about manual penalties that you can check in google search console. I am specifically referring to google algorithm updates.

For example if you have been hit by panda, penguin, hummingbird or mobile gedon how would you identify and fix it.